A Defense of Abortion Essay Example for Free

A Defense of Abortion Essay Thomson argues that in some though not all cases, women have a right to abortion due to property rights in regards to their body, and the undue burden against these rights that would be placed on women if they are to be made responsible for any and all pregnancies. Thomson uses a variety of sometimes strange analogies to make her point that even if we give in to the argument that a fetus is a person, and thus has a right to life, this right to life does not necessarily ensure a right to sustain that life by using another person’s property, in this case the mother’s body, against her will. Thomson first asks us to consider the following case. You wake up and find yourself in a hospital bed hooked up to a famous violinist. It is then explained to you that you’ve been kidnapped by the Society of Music Lovers because you happen to be the only person whose blood type is compatible with the violinist’s, who is suffering from a kidney disease, and will die unless you remain plugged into him for nine months. Keeping in mind that both you and the violinist are innocent parties, and that both you and the violinist will walk out of the hospital alive and unharmed when the nine months are up, are you morally obligated to remain connected to the violinist, who in the case of pregnancy would be the fetus? First we must consider the given analogy and its relativity to the primary scenario, being the morality of abortion. There are no other cases quite like pregnancy, where one’s ability to sustain life is directly dependent on the use of another’s body. This is why Thomson must create the violinist analogy. There are surely many similarities between the case of the violinist and the case of the fetus. As stated before, both parties, the fetus/violinist and the mother/donor are innocent. The cause of their connection is based on the actions of a third party, in this case the Society of Music Lovers. The fact that the donor was kidnapped presents a distinguishing factor, allowing the analogy to be applied in cases such as pregnancy because of rape, where it is clear that the mother did not consent in any way to becoming pregnant. There are also dissimilarities. The kidnapping itself has not traumatized the donor, while in the case of a young girl being raped and becoming pregnant, the rape itself is very traumatic. However, Thomson discounts this by saying that if those who oppose abortion based on the grounds that a person’s right to life is more important than a mother’s property right to her body, make an exception in the case of rape, they are saying that those who come into existence because of rape have less of a right to life than others, which sounds somehow wrong. Furthermore, many who oppose abortion on this ground do not make an exception for rape. Thus, the primary question remains, is it morally permissible to disconnect yourself from a person, even if doing so will kill them? Thomson then takes the violinist scenario a step further, asking us to imagine that it turns out that supporting the violinist is putting additional strain on you, and if you continue to remain plugged into him, you will die. Some would say that it is still impermissible, because unplugging yourself would be directly killing the innocent violinist which is murder, and always wrong. Thomson vehemently denies that you are obligated to sacrifice your own life in order to save the violinist, saying that in this case â€Å"if anything in the world is true, it is that you do not commit murder, you do not do what is impermissible, if you reach around to your back and unplug yourself from that violinist to save your life. † (Vaughn, 175) Many of Thomson’s other analogies deal with the concept of a woman’s property rights to her body making a case for abortion being permissible. She gives the analogy of a young boy being given a box of chocolates, and eating them before his envious brother. Of course the boy ought to share his chocolates with his brother, as most of us would agree. However, Thomson claims that if he doesn’t, he is simply being selfish and greedy, but not unjust. He is not unjust in denying his brother the chocolates simply because they were given to him, and thus are his property. If the box had been given to both of the brothers, it would be a different story. Distinguishing between what one ought to do and what one is morally obligated to do ties back to the violinist analogy. Even if the violinist only required use of your body for one hour, while you ought to allow him to use your body, as it requires little effort on your part, you are not unjust if you refuse. You are perhaps callous and selfish, yes, but not unjust. As Thomson states â€Å"Except in such cases as the unborn person has a right to demand it-and we were leaving open the possibility that there may be such cases-nobody is morally required to make large sacrifices, of health, of all other interests and concerns, of all other duties and commitments, for nine years, or even for nine months, in order to keep another person alive. (Vaughn, 181) The criticism I would make of this argument is that she does not specify in which cases the unborn person has a right to demand use of a mother’s body, only that they can occur. She does clearly state however, that having a right to life does not inherently give one the right to be given the use of or allowed continued use of another’s body, even if one needs it for life itself. (Vaughn, 178) Some who oppose abortion argue that because pregnancy is preventable, if one happens to become pregnant they must take responsibility, which gives the fetus special rights that a stranger, such as the violinist would not have. Thomson points out that this theory only gives a fetus a right to a mother’s body if the pregnancy resulted in a voluntary act, leaving out instances of rape. She uses the people-seed analogy to further discuss the implications of holding women responsible for all pregnancies. She asks us to imagine people as seeds, innocently drifting around the world, sometimes even into your home, getting stuck to furniture and carpets. To prevent this from happening to you, you put the best screens on your windows you can buy. As we all know, sometimes screens are defective, and a seed finds its way in and takes root, despite your preventative measures. Does that seed have a right to use your house to develop into a person? It is true that it could have been prevented from taking root if you lived your life in a house without furniture or carpeting, but this seems ridiculous. By the same token you could say that women who are raped have a responsibility to the fetus because rape could be prevented by never leaving home without a reliable army, or never leaving home at all. This is far too high of a burden to put on individuals. When evaluating these analogies and the argument Thomson uses them to make, certain questions arise. For example, if I am not morally obligated to give my property to someone who depends on it for survival, is it morally permissible to let someone starve to death because I refuse to share my food that I bought earlier from the grocery store? Given her analogies, such as the instance of the boy who refuses to share his chocolate, it would seem that Thomson would say that it is permissible to let someone die of starvation. After all, you are not morally obligated to share what is rightly yours. She would say you are selfish and greedy, like the little boy, but not unjust or immoral. However, letting an innocent person starve to death, when doing something as little as giving them some of our food, does not sit well with the average person. This is where Thomson’s concept of the Good Samaritan vs. the minimally decent Samaritan comes into play. In the biblical story, the Good Samaritan saw a man dying in the road, abandoned by others who passed. He cleaned the dying man’s wounds and took him to an inn, paying for his stay. He went out of his way to help someone in need, at some cost to himself. Thomson illustrates the other extreme by using the case of Kitty Genovese, who was murdered while thirty-eight people stood by and did nothing to help. In this case the Good Samaritan would have rushed to her aid, putting his own life on the line in order to save a stranger’s. While Thomson seems to say that this is too much to ask of people, and they are not morally required to risk their own life to save another’s, she does say that the Minimally Decent Samaritan would have at least called the police. Because no one even called the police, they are not even minimally decent Samaritans, and their actions are monstrous. While the Good Samaritan gives aid they are not obligated to give, the Minimally Decent Samaritan fulfills their minimal obligations. Just as watching a person be murdered and doing absolutely nothing to help is falling below the standard of minimally decent Samaritan, I would have to believe that watching a person starve and doing nothing to help is also monstrous. After all, using Thomson’s analogies we could say that the people who watched Kitty Genovese get murdered ought to have used their cell phones to call the police at the very least, but being that their cell phones are their property, they can use them as they wish, and are not morally obligated to use them to save a life, even if the cost it would bring to them seems extremely insignificant. Thomson seems to distinguish between situations such as letting someone starve to death because you refuse to share your food, or letting someone be murdered because you refuse to use your phone, and aborting a fetus. She claims that many laws prohibiting abortion compel women to be Good Samaritans (Vaughn, 181) as opposed to minimally decent. This claim suggests that she believes that harboring a fetus is an act of a Good Samaritan, not a minimally decent one. Furthermore, by calling the people who watched Kitty Genovese die â€Å"monstrous† it suggests that she does in fact believe that watching a person die and doing nothing to help is immoral. By these tokens, it seems that she would in fact view letting another starve as immoral, suggesting that her argument of property rights is inconsistent. Thomson somewhat accounts for these inconsistencies in her closing argument, simply by conceding that the analogies she uses are not fool proof or meant to be applied to all cases. She states â€Å"while I do not argue that abortion is not impermissible, I do not argue that it is always permissible. There may well be cases in which carrying the child to term requires only minimally decent Samaritanism of the mother, and this is a standard we must not fall below. † (Vaughn 182) For example, she believes it would be immoral for a woman to abort her child late in the pregnancy because she had a vacation planned. By asserting that her analogies and arguments are not meant to make an absolute case for or against abortion, they do in fact only help her to prove her somewhat tentative point that women do have a right to abortion, in some though not all cases, because of property rights and the undue burden against these rights that would be placed on women if forced to carry all pregnancies to term.

Cultural Distance How Is It Measured Commerce Essay

Cultural Distance How Is It Measured Commerce Essay Culture is a wide concept whose definition may vary depending on the discipline it comes from, and many litterateurs have attempted to give it a precise and unique definition, which could be taken as valid in every field, always in vain. This essay will dwell upon the significant role culture plays in the global market, given that it is a vital element not to be neglected for a successful career when doing business abroad. Academics of various subjects, especially anthropologists, have been wondering about the definition of culture for decades, with the result of conveying plenty of explanations about its core and how it is perceived among populations. As already said, while this notion has been quested and analysed throughout the anthropological field, it had been widely disregarded in other fields (Taras Steel, 2009). The first intellectual who moved his analysis of culture to the market sector was Geerte Hofstede (Taras Steel, 2009). Thus, this articles intention is to focus on a different approach to culture, i.e. how cultural difference is able to affect marketing operations around the globe. Firstly, this text will go through Hofstedes method (1980) and elucidate why, despite being a broadly criticised model, it still remains the most relevant reference work for cross-cultural successive analysis. Secondly, it will compare and contrast the famous concepts of Hofstede, Trompenaars and Hampden Turner and Schwartz Value Inventory. Subsequently, the article will try to give empirical evidence of how culture diversity affects the markets of the whole planet by providing the example of various cultural clashes of a famous American fast food company in three different Asian countries. Hofstedes model: Lots of criticism but still the most used in the world Hofstedes model of cultural dimensions (Hofstede, 1980) was a pioneering method elaborated in order to measure cultural distance. It was developed during the late 70s after an attentive examination of work-related values in the IBM employees in 40 countries (Lee Carter, 2012). As the first model ever created, all subsequent studies relate to it, by evaluating, comparing, analysing and obviously criticising e.g. Hofstedes model of national cultural differences and their consequences: A triumph of faith a failure of analysis (MacSweeny, 2002). Among all those aforementioned relations to the study, criticising is the one which most drew the attention of the people who approached Hofstedes research. Nonetheless, there are also some scholars which take Hofstedes side and question MacSweenys fallacious presuppositions, by thoroughly analysing his work and by pointing out his main misunderstandings; MacSweenys critique lacks consistency in terms of clarification about the paradigm he uses to confute Hosftedes cultural research. (Williamson, 2002). Despite being a source subjected to pure criticism, the work of Geert Hofstede, a Dutch organizational anthropologist, is perhaps the most widely used and accepted approach to cross-cultural analysis (Lee Carter, 2012, p. 130). Hofstedes work is still considered to be the most exhaustive and easy-to-understand study of cultural diversity (Holden, 2003). Culture is a broad concept and its definition may vary depending on the context it is related. In fact, it was argued that conceptualising such a wide topic like culture and apply it to every random context could be considered quite presumptuous, surely awry and as a misguided attempt to measure the unmeasurable (MacIntyre, 1961; Smelser, 1992 cited in MacSweeny 2002, p. 90). As a consequence of what just asserted, Hofstedes research was accused of being carried out only in one field and, besides, in a non-market field in which the test persons of IBM were not examined as consumers, negotiators or market intermediaries (Holden, 2003). Afterwards, because its data collection dates back to the late 70s, it was claimed the impossibility of implementation in a plausible current market scenario. Hence, it was judged as out of date, considering that the society had changed (2003). Furthermore, it is bizarre that the most used investigation related to global marketing operations in the worl d has been written by an anthropologist who has nothing to do with being a real marketer (2003). Although these understandable criticisms, Hofstedeans work Cultures Consequences (1980), cited more than 5000 times, still remains the most accepted and utilised method in the cross-cultural analysis. Hofstedes model in comparison and contrast with Trompenaars and Hampden Turner and Schwartz Value Inventory The data, vital for the elaboration of the model, was collected during a certain laps of time and both Hofstede and Trompenaars and Hampden Turner extrapolated their data from questionnaires distributed among workers, with a tiny difference though: Hosftede opted for employees of a specific company, whereas Trompenaars and Hampden Turner for managers of various organisations (Dahl, 2004). Expanding the research into different companies could have been a notable advantage, because it allowed the study to get different perspectives from the respondents. In terms of question typology, Hofstede, as previous stated, decided to ask people about precise work-related value questions, while Trompenaars and Hampden Turner did not only concentrate on the work situation but on the leisure one as well (2004). In any case, they both questioned their actors about preferred state and behaviours. Unlike the other two researches, Shalom Schwartz with his Schwartz Value Survey (1992) took a differen t questioning approach and asked 60,000 people from 63 countries to appraise 57 values as guiding principles of ones life. (Lee Carter, 2012). Schwartzs method (1992), unlike Hofstede (1980) and Trompenaars and Hampden Turner (1998), gives a different vision by evidently separating the individual-level from the cultural-level analysis and by differentiating value types from value dimensions (Dahl, 2004). As a result, Schwartz method allowed to create a category as a value dimension by take into consideration one of the value type identified by the respondent and its opposite value type. The cultural-level and individual-level analysis are separated and their data cannot be evaluated as a whole, i.e. knowing the actors individual values is not necessary to deduce the culture of each individual (Javidan et al). Hofstede used to call this assumption ecological fallacy (Dahl, 2004). According to MacSweeny (2002), Hofstede did not used to make a differentiation between the meaning of culture at large and national culture. He treated it as a nationally discrete part, core, a nucleus (MacSweeny, 2002, p. 92); in other words, he c onceived it as a shared constituent of culture which is made of other different sub-cultures (MacSweeny, 2002). In order to remark Hofstedes idea that a population within a nation, in a certain way, shares the same culture, MacSweeny gives an explicit example by declaring that Hofstede treats the country Great Britain as a single nation with a unique national culture. Regrettably, it is debated that Scotland, even though being inside Great Britain, does not have the equivalent culture of an English citizen. Unlike the aberrant supposition called ecological assumption, both Hosftede and Trompenaars and Hampden Turner accept the so called onion assumption, which has layers to be peeled off (Dahl, 2004), that explains why knowing values in a culture tell us what actually happens in that culture (Javidan et al, p. 899). Yet, a substantial difference lies in the conception of this onion-like model, i.e. Hofstede conceives it as four layers onion, whereas Trompenaars and Hampden Turner fantasise it as a only two layers onion. Still, in spite of the different cognition of the onion, both Hofstedes and Trompenaars and Hampden Turners methods represent the same concept as Cowley and Hanna (2005) assert: The objective of this unit was to learn to exfoliate the perceptible manifestations of culture (artefacts and products), to peel away the layer of norms and values, to discover the core. The most emblematic diversity from these two models is that Hofstedes study investigates through the values of the respondents, while Trompenaars and Hampden Turner is more focused on their behavioural attitudes both in work and recreation moments (Lee Carter 2012). Another comparison can be made in terms of identification of some given value dimensions. Hofstede identified four (with a later fifth in addition) (Hosftede, 2001?), the Schwartz Value Inventory classified ten value types and four main value dimensions and finally Trompenaars and Hampden Turner categorised ten. All these results can be associated and most of them seen as parallel in concept terms, e.g. Hofstedes Power distance bears a resemblance to Trompenaars and Hampden Turners Achievement vs. ascription (Lee Carter, 2012). In addition, another dimension might be considered almost identical: Communitarism vs. individualism of Trompenaars and Hampden Turner with Individualism vs. collectivism of Hofstede (2012). In his work, Hofstede wanted to create a valid framework which was able to classify and distinguish different cultures, and to be aware of potential cultural collisions within a business environment. Thus, Hofstedes interpretation of culture envisages a tight correlation between an invisible level, values and a visible level in which these values manifest, in other words practices (Javidan et al). Empirical evidence of cultural distance impact on global marketing operations Obviously, cultural distance is an issue that affects large companies which are able to broaden the horizons and look for great fortune abroad. Start setting new investments into a foreign market requires a high volume of money and that is why only great organisations can afford such a treacherous move. Why treacherous? A foreign market can absolutely be as profitable as disadvantageous, depending on how much companies take the cultural factors into account. According to Pankaj Ghemawat, (2001) economist and global strategist at the IESE Business School of Barcelona, graduated at Harvard University, many companies are so attracted by foreign markets that sometimes they underestimate the financial threat they are running into. Following, the article is going to present a clear example of how the Asian culture shaped the business of a worldwide company like McDonalds. It will go through all the changes the company had to make in three different countries: Japan, Hong Kong and China. According to what Harris P. (Managing Cultural Difference, 2002) wrote, there is a big gap between the western culture and the eastern one. Through this table (Figure 1), it is quite self-explanatory in what the main principles differ one from another and what the American fast food company McDonalds had to be aware of when moving its brand to Asia: (Figure 1) When people think about McDonalds, the first word crossing their mind might be standardization. Hofstede (1980) would have thought of organizational culture instead. McDonalds is the emblematic example of a company which aims at keeping the same level of quality, cleanliness, customer service, food taste and value. Its main strengths rely on fast service and standard taste of the food, and these have demonstrated to be very profitable in the western market. Unluckily, Asian people were not used to having lunch or dinner in a dozen of minutes, for this reason McDonalds had to cogitate a strategy to get customers and make profit. Referring to Hofstedes classification of power Distance countries worldwide (geert-hofstede.com), Japan has been rated as one of the countries with the lowest score (55), which means it is less inclined to accept a high organizational culture as McDonalds. Nonetheless, the famous fast food company, thanks to some strategies, managed to succeed and survive the Nippon market. First issue of the organisation was that the Japanese society is famous for eating rice during the day as a filling meal. Because of that, McDonalds introduced new products made of rice in the market, like Chinese fried rice, curried rice with chicken and fried egg burger. Thanks to the lanching of these new products the company managed to be taken into consideration from the Japanese society. Secondly, in Japan, such as in other countries like Italy or Spain, there is an elevated sense of commensality, something which is not included in the McDonalds brand. Notwithstanding, the company had to do something to get around this cultural problem and, as a result, it started furnishing its restaurants with tables and chairs where Japanese could eat and spend some time together as being home. Finally, another problem arose when the Japanese society regarded the typical hamburger as snack and not as a whole meal. McDonalds implemented a good strategy by taking this misleadin g perception and converted it into an advantage to create then a place suited for young people who want to get a fast meal and chill out for a while. (McDonalds in Japan, 2009) The situation slightly changed in the state of Hong Kong. According to Hofstedes chart of Power Distance countries, Hong Kong has been rated a little bit more than Japan (68) which, as a consequence, described this country as more open to a centralized organization as the American McDonalds. In fact, People of Hong Kong were already familiar with a market fast food conception, but despite this, McDonalds was doubtful about spreading its companys values onto this Asian market. McDonalds first step was to leave the sign of the company in its original language without any translation, and in addition the founder of the restaurant in Honk Hong, Daniel Ng, opted for a smart solution which consisted of transliterating the name. Transliteration is a good strategy to avoid a cultural translation issue. It renders the English sound of the word into Chinese characters, without running into the problem of translating the meaning of the word. It would be a tough task to avoid. The strength McDon alds used, relied on not imposing the companys values to the locals, but on shaping its organizational culture in order to get approval from them (McDonalds in Hong Kong, 2009). China, in Hofstedes Power Distance chart (1980), has been rated with a very high score (80), therefore McDonalds problems had got nothing to do with the adaptation of a centralized organizational culture. What happened in Beijing was the emblem of cultural difference a big organisation such as McDonalds must take into account: Despite having accessed the Chinese market, McDonalds was not able to clearly convey the values of its work to the locals, and for this reason could not get rid of the competition. Chinese people, even though were familiar with the fast food chain, did not consider it part of their cuisine culture. After years, they kept seeing it as an American brand in Chinese territory. Hence, this was not an advantage at all. Ideological, political and economic differences were an obstacle for an American brand which was operating in the Chinese market. The resolution to this issue lied on the fact that the organisation had to start blending more with the local culture, avo iding to stress firmly its Americanism. Understood so, McDonalds began to introduce Chinese traditional food in its menu in order to show the Chinese population its inclination to respect and use the territorial food culture. In addition, all the restaurants were decorated with Chinese paper-cuts design. This way, customers commenced to trust the brand and see it from a different perspective. This is the same path KFC had to follow to be a very profitable company in the Chinese market nowadays (KFC and McDonalds a model of blended culture, 2004). Conclusion The aim of this article consisted in giving a brief analysis of the models used in cross-cultural distance in order to provide a general understanding. The essay has taken exactly three methods into consideration: Hofstedes, Trompenaars and Hampden Turner and Schwartz Value Inventory. Their investigation is all about identifying cultural differences among people who live in different part of the globe and the usage it has been done with these methods is the most relevant feature this article wants to point out. Big organisations which operate in different countries have to study and analyse the culture of the place they would like to settle in, because culture is the key to be successful, increasing popularity and cash flows. These companies, such as McDonaldss, make use of the cross-cultural distance methods in order to evaluate all the cultural factors they could be running into and be prepared to overcome them easily with an effective strategy implementation. To sum up, these models are vital for a company which sets its investments outside the borders of its country and

How to measure noise pollution

How to measure noise pollution Executive Summary Noise and pollution, and man was created noise harmful to health or welfare. Transport vehicles are the worst offenders, with aircraft, rail, trucks, buses, cars and motorcycles for producing excessive noise. Construction equipment, for example, breaker and bulldozers, also produce substantial noise pollution. Noise intensity is measured in units of dB. Logarithmic scale is dB, every increase of 10 dB represents a tenfold increase in the intensity of noise. Human perception of size is also consistent with a logarithmic scale, an increase of 10 dB is seen as almost double the size of the volume. Thus, 30 dB is 10 times more intense than 20 decibels and sounds loud and twice, 40 dB is 100 times more intense than 20 and sounds 4 times louder, 80 decibels is 1 million times more intense than 20 and sounds 64 times stronger. Distance reduces the level of decibels effective up to the ear. Therefore, the moderate movement of vehicles at a distance of 100 feet (30 m) rates about 50 decibels. To the driver with an open window or pedestrians on the sidewalk, and the rates of movement itself about 70 dB, that is, it sounds louder than 4 times. At a distance of 2000 feet (600 m), and the noise of aircraft taking off up to about 110 decibels, about the same century, the car only 3 feet (1 m) away. Introduction Noise pollution is a leak sound is unwanted, uncontrollable and unpredictable, and not necessarily strong in the lives of people of reasonable sensitivity. Using the reasonable person standard eliminates the idea that the sentence is subjective and unwanted sound. The sound can be returned unwanted noise or return to the Old Testament, and the stories of loud music, barking dogs, as well as the Romanian city where the old residents complained about noisy vehicles delivered in the cobbled streets around them. Has made the industrial revolution, and the growth of cities, the demand for transport in the world, even louder. With the modern world depends so enchanted with noise and noise technology for aircraft produced cars, helicopters, motorcycles, snowmobiles, jet skis, blowers and paper, amplified music, and bass-driven stereo systems, cars surrounding noise level to accelerate quickly. This increase in noise led to the research examines the impact of noise on the lives and activitie s of persons reasonable. The result was a set of evidence strongly suggests that noise is hazardous to good health, mental and physical health. Voices should not be so strong can not be considered interference, for example, drip of the faucet, President of the jet, or stereo late at night, a neighbor. Annoying noise, especially at night when you try to sleep, and sleeping well is essential for good health. Can exposure to noise over time be stressful, causing adverse health effects such as high blood pressure. Although there is a need for more research to strengthen the link noise and health, there is agreement that reduces the noise quality of life. Noise can be particularly harmful for children. Research shows that houses noisy slow cognitive development and language in young children. In addition, children who live and learn in a school near noisy roads, railways and airports and low scores in reading, and some children who live or go to school near the main airport and had high blood pressure. How to measure noise? Noise is measured in decibels, dB. And called on the tool used to measure the sound level. It is designed to respond equally to the human ear, and give an objective assessment of sound pressure level. Even if the noise is a major environmental problem, it is often difficult to determine the associated costs. The report identified the Organization of Economic Cooperation and Development in the social costs of road transport four categories of the impact of noise from transport; Low real estate values Loss of mental health care costs for the treatment of loss of sleep, hearing problems or stress loss of productivity due to poor concentration, communication difficulties or fatigue due to inadequate rest Causes:- Causes of noise pollution traffic noise is the main source of noise pollution in urban areas. With the increasing number of vehicles on the road, and cause noise exhaust fumes from cars and trucks, buses and motorcycles is the main reason for the noise. The aircraft flying at low altitude above the height of national parks, wilderness areas and other areas of vacant, the greater the noise level significantly in these areas were not affected in the past. People living next to railway stations to put up with a lot of noise from locomotive engines, horns and whistles and switch management operating in the rail yards. This is the main source of noise pollution. to meet the needs of the basic necessities of life, and build highways, buildings and streets in the city is making a lot of noise. Breaker, compressors, bulldozers, loaders, dump trucks and paving breakers are the main sources of noise pollution at construction sites. Although not the main cause of industrial noise and adds noise. Machinery, engines and compressors used in the industries to create a lot of noise that is added to the negative hype already. plumbing, boilers, generators, air conditioners and fans create a lot of noise in buildings, in addition to noise conditions. equipment for the home, such as vacuum cleaners, blenders, and some noisy devices in the home. Although it does not cause a big problem, can not impact can not be ignored. Effects:- Hearing loss Mechanism of hearing loss stems from the shock of the stereocilia of the cochlea, and the main structure of the inner ear fluid. Finland, together with the middle ear sound pressure levels increases by a factor of twenty, in the sound pressure level is very high up to the cochlea, sound alarms even moderate weather. The underlying disease to the cochlea is the reactive oxygen species, which play an important role in noise-induced necrosis and apoptosis of stereocilia. Exposure to high levels of noise have different effects in a certain number of the population, and the involvement of reactive oxygen species suggests possible ways to treat or prevent hearing damage and cellular structures associated with them. The effects of the heart and blood vessels Noise associated with significant health problems, heart and blood vessels. In 1999, the World Health Organization has concluded that available evidence suggested a weak association between long-term exposure to noise above 67-70 dB (A) and high blood pressure. It was suggested that more recent studies show that the noise levels of 50 dB (A) at night may also increase the risk of myocardial infarction with the production of cortical is chronically elevated. Stress Conduct research on the rocky road of isolation of the United Kingdom manufacturer, and reveals in the UK in third place (33%) of victims of civil unrest, noisy parties are required to have prevented them from sleeping or stressed over the past two years. Almost one in ten (9%) of those affected by civil unrest, which claims to be left constantly disturbed and stressed. More than 1.8 million people, have made their lives hell, noisy neighbors and can not enjoy their home. The impact of noise on health may be a serious problem in all parts of the UK for more than 17.5 million Britons (38%) were troubled by the residents of nearby properties in the past two years. For a period of approximately ten (7%), British, and this is normal Conclusion Noise quiet because of the death and the concern of the community did not create much on the impact of noise on workers alike can not be relied upon in the industries, in particular, and the public in the community as a universal. Noise is of significant environmental pollutants contaminate our air, water and soil. It has the ability to destroy the bridges and the development of cracks in buildings. Can also cause skin noise and mental illness. It explained that the noise is a technology created the problem and all the noise is doubling every 10 years in the hand in hand with social progress and industry. Influenced to a large extent because of environmental pollution of noise, with the sunrise every day. Noise pollution in different parts of the increases in and around the city workplaces and homes. Noise levels peaked in the Twilight Zone when people are at work now, and traffic until it reaches during peak hours.

The Nightmare Essay -- India Indian Politics Essays

The Nightmare Dreams are often visions of the conscience that hold the most truth. In the novel, Cracking India, by Bapsi Sidhwa, the narrator Lenny, has a reoccurring nightmare that contains much truth about the state of India. In Lenny’s nightmare, Children lie in a warehouse. Mother and Ayah move about solicitously. The atmosphere is businesslike and relaxed. Godmother sits by my bed smiling indulgently as men in uniforms quietly slice off a child’s arm here, a leg there. She strokes my head as they dismember me. I feel no pain. Only an abysmal sense of loss- and a chilling horror that no one is concerned by what’s happening (Sidhwa 31). Lenny’s childhood nightmare is symbolic of the condition of India prior to and during the time of Partition. The future of India is being dismembered by British rule while Indians remain passive and impartial to the destruction of their country. This portrayal of India is comparable to Gandhi’s view that the British have not taken India; India has have given their country to them. In Hind Swaraj, Gandhi suggests that India is in a state of unrest and that it will take some time for an actual awakening. Lenny’s vision of children lying in a warehouse with their guardians remaining indifferent to the suffering taking place is representative of India’s state of unrest. This suggestive state of unrest also refers to India’s tolerance of British rule. In Cracking India, the Ice-candy Man is adamant about Indians awakening from this restive state. He says, â€Å"If we want India back we must take pride in our customs, our clothes, our languages†¦And not go mouthing the got-pit-sot-pit of the English!† (Sidhwa 38) Similarly, Gandhi suggests that in order to take back India from ... ...orm (Gandhi 206). According to Gandhi, the discontent that these tortured children in Lenny’s nightmare experience will force India as a nation to awaken and provide reform to stop the cries of their youth. If the leaders of India (Ayah and Godmother) can put an end to their passive behavior and answer the insistent cries of the future of their nation (Lenny), then there is hope that despite its dismembered limbs and deep cracks, India will be able to thrive once again. Sadly enough, a nightmare is only revealed in the slumber of the conscience and once the mind awakens it is readily forgotten. Works Cited Gandhi, Mahatma. â€Å"Hind Swaraj, Modern Civilization, and Moral Progress.† The Moral and Political Writings of Mahatma Gandhi. Vol. 1. London: Oxford University Press, 1986. Sidhwa, Bapsi. Cracking India. Minneapolis: Milkweed Editions, 1991.

Reality TV Essay -- Entertainment Television Papers

Reality TV Can you believe that reality television has actually been around since 1948? Most of us may have thought that this idea of real television just came about in the last decade but actually it’s been around for quite some time. In 1948 Candid Camera was the first reality show to be broadcasted on television. Many considered this to be the â€Å"granddaddy† of the reality TV genre (History of reality TV). This show actually began in radio broadcasting. Allen Funt was the man in charge of this whole new production. He started by simply taping complaints of men in service and broadcasting them over the Armed Forces Radio. This is what later became known as the television show, Candid Camera. Candid Camera was known for â€Å"catching people in the act of being themselves† (History of Reality TV). Funt passed away in 1999 and his son, Peter has now taken over for him to continue these series. So, now you might be asking yourself what show came twenty-five years after Candid Camera? The next broadcasted reality television show was An American Family. This show was written about a California family, the Louds. You would probably never believe it but this show captured it all! It showed many personal experiences in the loud family such as the parents divorce and lifestyle of their gay son, Lance. An American Family played an extremely vast role in exposing society to a more diverse and supposedly real representation of family life. This was just the beginning of unstable families shown on television. Later shows like The Simpson’s and Roseanne branched off from this family idea (The Original Reality). As you can see reality goes back way into history so it’s really no new thang. We must give all the credit ... ... online: http://www.dartmouth.edu (accessed September 25. 2002) Owen, R. (June 21, 2001). NBC crosses the line with 'Fear Factor' stunts. Toledo Blade RealLyrics.com Available online: http://www.reallyrics.com/lyrics/I002900010002.asp (accessed online October 1, 2002) Reiss, Steven & Wiltz, James. (2001). Why America Loves Reality TV. Psychology Today. Rolling Stone (March 29, 2001). Un-Reality TV: Surviving Survivor. Seneca Falls (2000). Reality Television. June 15. Available online: http://www.senecafallsonline.com/archives/Columns/Bergamo/reality_television.htm (accessed October 2, 2002) Shales, Tom. (2001). O ‘Brother’ Why Art Thou? Electronic Media. U.S. Reality Program/Public Service Available online: http://www.museum.tv/archives/etv/A/htmlA/americasmos.htm (accessed October 1, 2002)

Sustainability Through Dendro Powered Electricity Generation Environmental Sciences Essay

Long-run GHG and local pollutants decreaseThe undertaking will ensue in coevals of power of 14,000 MWh at an one-year 80 % works capacity use factor utilizing sustainably produced fuelwood. This will displace an tantamount volume of electricity that would otherwise be generated by dodo fuel based thermic power workss and fed into the Sri Lanka national grid. Harmonizing to the long- term coevals program of the CEB, electricity demand is turning at an mean one-year rate of 7 – 8 % . Due to societal, economic and environmental impacts associated with the development, farther development of large-scale hydro resources is going progressively hard. The CEB forecasts thermic power coevals capacity to increase its 2005 degree of 1266 MW to a mark degree of 4,230 MW in 2019. The bing thermic workss include gas turbines fuel oil fired reciprocating engines, and combined rhythm workss. The enlargement works prognosis includes gas turbines, combined rhythm workss, Diesel workss, furnace oil workss, and coal workss. Economic, societal, environmental and technological benefits Economic benefits The entree of electrification is tremendous difference in regional in the state. In the western state where about 90 per centum of family have entree to electricity while North cardinal state have entree to electricity about 65 per centum. In the Sabaragamuwa, Uwa, North Western and East between 40 to 50 per centum of families without entree to electricity. The entire figure of electrification of small town strategies was increased from 2115 to 14690 since 1980 and 1998. By 2015, the Government plans to provide electrification to about 100 per centum of the state ‘s small towns. Some 600 rural electrification strategies, covering eight states will supply electricity supply to about 112,500 extra families and other consumers, Some 600km of 33 kilovolts distribution lines will be supplied to beef up CEB ‘s bing webs in rural countries to cut down overloading and losingss on those lines. A scope of alternate energy beginnings ( solar, air current, mini-hydro and biomass ) wi ll besides be developed through community-based organisations and the private sector to spread out rural electricity entree, peculiarly in the more distant, dry zone parts. Where capital costs for rural electrification are prohibitory, crystalline subsidies will be provided, to spread out entree. Merely the agribusiness entirely would non be equal to increase incomes in the rural countries. There is discoursing facts that these rural households that gain the extreme portion of their income from off-farm income are cagey to work their manner out of poorness faster. Access of electricity is besides of import to any off farm activity. Electric illuming besides makes a important part to the quality and success of rural instruction. Economic benefits of the undertaking are discussed farther below. ( a ) Adequate electricity supply- In order for the national economic system to turn, adequate and dependable supply of electricity should be available at low-cost monetary values. Despite puting big amounts of borrowed money on the electricity sector for the past many old ages, our state is unable to run into the turning demand for electricity. Furthermore, our electricity monetary values are one of the highest in the part. These defects could be remedied if we could acquire our private sector to put on moderate graduated table decentralized power workss with autochthonal fuel supply. The survey carried out by the Ministry of Science and Technology with EU support reveals that over 4000 MW of biomass based electrical power could be generated by change overing the debauched fringy land available in the state. The proposed 2 MW works would turn out the commercial viability of this construct. ( B ) Organic nitrogen-bearing fertilizer- Nitrogenous chemical fertiliser such as urea had been extensively used in the agricultural sectors in Sri Lanka. The current one-year use is in the part of 0.4 million metric tons. The entire national demands of urea are imported at a cost of around US $ 50 million per twelvemonth. In the recent yesteryear, the monetary value of imported carbamide had been lifting steeply. In order to prolong the husbandman community and to guarantee equal supply of our basic nutrient, the authorities had been supplying some grade of subsidy for urea. At nowadays this has reached about a 3rd of the existent cost. Even with this heavy subsidy, paddy husbandmans are unable to do a populating out of rice cultivation. On the other manus, giver bureaus such as the World Bank/ IMF etc. have been exerting force per unit area through WTO on the authorities to minimise all signifiers of subsidies and let the market forces to find the optimal allotment of resources. As explained in Chapter 3, from a Gliricidia energy plantation, the mean output of wood per hectare per twelvemonth is 30 metric tons ( at 20 % wet ) and the corresponding output of fresh leaf is 26 metric tons. Systematic surveies carried out by the Coconut Research Institute had revealed that the application of 50 kilograms of fresh Gliricidia leaf for a coconut thenar provides the equivalent of N from 800 gms of urea [ †¦ .. ] . Furthermore the application of leaf improves the wellness of dirt by increasing the organic content in dirt. The aim of this undertaking is to show the commercialization of the construct of sustainable fuelwood production from Gliricidia energy plantations and the operation of an associated biomass power coevals installation. This 2 MW installation would necessitate the equivalent of 800 hour angle of Gliricidia plantations. Harmonizing to the survey conducted by the Ministry of Science and Technology and the Land Use Policy Planning Division of the Ministry of Lands, the entire extent of debauched fringy land in the state is around 1.6 million hectares. This means that the entire potency of Gliricidia leaf production in the state is 1.6 ten 26 = 41.6 million metric tons yearly. This is tantamount to 0.67 million metric tons of carbamide. The states entire one-year use of carbamide is merely 0.4 million metric tons. The cautionary value of this is USD 96 million. This clearly shows the economic benefit of Gliricidia energy plantation to the agricultural sector. [ †¦ ] ( degree Celsius ) Increasing the capacity of national milk production- About 60 % of our national one-year demands of milk amounting to 500 million liters are imported at a cost of USD 125 million. One ground for our failure to bring forth our demand of milk is the deficiency of nitrogen-bearing fresh fish for our cowss. Though we have equal measures of carbonaceous fresh fish in the signifier of rice straw, nitrogen-bearing fresh fish is in short supply. Gliricidia leaf is an first-class nitrogen-bearing fresh fish. A 1-hectare plantation of Gliricidia would give 30 metric tons of wood and 26 metric tons of fresh leaf per twelvemonth. Along with 26 metric tons of rice straw, this measure of leaf is sufficient to feed 6 cattles. The one-year income from the sale of milk from 5 cattles would amount to USD 1,654 per twelvemonth. This construct of incorporating Gliricidia Energy Plantation with the rapid enlargement of dairy industry in Sri Lanka may non be realized in the short term. Equally far as this undertaking is concerned, it is expected that the pr esent cattle population of 84 cowss would be expanded to 500 within the undertaking boundary. Possibly this would move as a accelerator for other countries to follow suit. In the average clip excess leaf produced would be used as organic fertiliser. The 1.6 million hectares of debauched fringy land in our state could be used to bring forth the state ‘s full demands of milk. Droppings from the cattles could be used as organic nitrogen-bearing fertiliser replacing urea as described in subdivision ( B ) above. It should be noted that the usage of leaf as fresh fish and the droppings as nitrogen-bearing fertiliser brings more benefits than straight utilizing the leaf as green organic fertiliser. Nitrogen in cow droppings is easy absorbed by workss therefore cut downing leaching and evaporative losingss. ( vitamin D ) Auxiliary harvests in the entree manner in energy plantations- As described in Chapter 3, an entree manner with a 4-meter breadth will be provided at 11-meter intervals in the energy plantations. This spread is provided to supply entree for tractors to roll up and transport the fuelwood harvested in the 11-meter broad strips of trees in the energy plantations. These spreads are used as entree manner merely one time in 6 to 8 months. These spreads besides function as limit of blocks to ease systematic harvest home. A major disadvantage of supplying this spread is it encourages the growing of weeds, peculiarly Guina A and B ( Panicum upper limit ) and Illuk ( Imperate cylindrica ) . One manner of minimising the growing of weeds and optimizing the land infinite in energy plantations is to turn short-run hard currency harvests in these spreads during the two short rainy seasons ( April to June and October to January ) . Crops such as corn, sorghum, benne, black-eyed pea, mung bean, black gm etc. are suited for short-run harvests. Gross from these hard currency harvests would better the economic viability and heighten the sustainability of the plantations. Leaf of Gliricidia subdivisions harvested could be used as organic fertiliser for the hard currency harvest. Gliricidia leaf has the undermentioned alimentary contents: 3 to 4.5 % N, 0.2 to 0.3 % P, 1.5 to 3.5 % K, 1 to 1.4 % Ca and 0.4 to 0.6 % Mg. Furthermore the debut leaf to the dirt increases the organic content and improves the dirt. ( vitamin E ) Conservation of foreign exchange- Ever since the state adopted an â€Å" unfastened economic † policy in 1977, the para value of Sri Lankan Rupee has been deprecating in an exponential mode. Figure 15 illustrates this characteristic.Start of Open EconomyFigure 15: Depreciation of SLR with regard to USD since the ‘open economic system ‘ [ †¦ ] The primary ground for this depreciation is that the demand for foreign currency is much higher than the supply of foreign currency. There are two ways of deciding this crisis. One is to increase the supply of foreign currency. That is by increasing exports and spread outing the services, which bring foreign exchange to the state ( such as touristry, foreign employment etc ) . The 2nd manner is to cut down imports. Unfortunately, since 1977, we have been following merely the first method. This has non resolved the crisis. Therefore, we need to follow the 2nd way every bit good. That is we should cut down foreign currency outgo. In other words, if we should try to bring forth locally whatever goods or services which can be produced locally at competitory cost instead than importing such merchandises at a higher cost. Electricity produced by IPPs is a authoritative illustration. For the twelvemonth 2004, the mean monetary value paid for imported fuel based electricity produced by IPPs was SLR 9.20 ( USD 0.0902 ) per kWh, whereas the monetary value paid for local resource based electricity for the same twelvemonth was merely SLR 5.49 ( USD 0.0538 ) per kWh. If the same mean monetary value is paid for both, the state could bring forth all the electricity demands from local resources. The entire foreign exchange demands to run into the expected thermal based electricity from imported dodo fuel, including the foreign capital, fuel, runing and foreign transmittal costs for the twelvemonth 2005 to 2015 ( based on US Cts 8/kWh ) are given in Table 04 below. It is of import to observe that by the twelvemonth 2015, the expected foreign exchange demands needed exceed the expected foreign exchange net incomes from traditional harvests – tea, gum elastic and coconut ( USD 1000 million ) . With such big demand for foreign exchange, and with the expected diminution in foreign exchange income from the local garment industry when the Multi-fibre Agreement comes into consequence in the twelvemonth 2005, the state of affairs would be wholly unwieldy. If we develop local biomass resources, these demands could be reduced to manageable degrees. Sri Lanka is wholly null of any proved militias of fossil fuels. All demands of crude oil fuels are imported from the Middle Eastern states. If we decide to import coal, so we would import it from Australia. Depending on imported fuels to run into most of our energy would put the state in a serious insecure place. Development of autochthonal resources would put the state in a unafraid place. 5.2.2 Social benefits The undertaking has a big constituent for community engagement throughout-grower system. Fuelwood harvested from sustainable energy plantations will be used as fuel for the power works. Fuel wood plantations will be managed both as a big graduated table plantations every bit good as small-scale husbandman out-grower system. The out-grower system will cut down the poorness degree in the part, so that the undertaking has societal benefits. A farmer household can gain sum SLR 25,000 per twelvemonth from a hectare of land from cultivating Gliricidia for fuel wood. If this wood could be cut into 50 to 100 millimeter pieces, so the income would increase to Rs. 45,000 per hectare, as the current sale monetary value of cut wood ready for gasification or direct eating to boilers is Rs. 1.50 per kilogram at the farm gate and Rs. 2.75 per kilogram at the energy transition Centres. The undertaking is be aftering to present an incorporate attack for fuel wood plantation, which include cowss farming utilizing leaf fresh fish, organic fertiliser utilizing waste, and outflowing fertiliser or biogas, and organic agribusiness merchandises. Farmers can gain around SLR 45,000 from selling 30 dozenss of fuel wood, SLR 7,350 from selling 32 dozenss of droppings as organic fertiliser and SLR 168,750 from selling 6750 liters of milk. Around 2000 households are expected to take part in the out-grower strategy so that their income will increase the undertaking besides provides regular day-to-day emplacement for around 50 people throughout the twelvemonth in the fuel wood aggregation and transit activities. in the fuelwood aggregation and transit activities. In add-on to this, during the building phase, a big figure of skilled and unskilled workers will be hired from the local countries. Over 50 % of the employees are likely to be hired from the nearby communities. Additional roads will be built by the company to entree the human dynamo and the plantations. These roads are available for usage by the local people and in some instances will supply motorable entree to their places where there were merely footpaths earlier. The undertaking is expected to supply the undermentioned societal benefits. ( a ) Supplying employment for rural hapless – The Government of Sri Lanka yearly spends SLR 8,500 1000000s ( USD 83 million ) on poorness relief on the about 25 % of the entire population. Over halve of the entire population in the state are populating in the rural countries. Most of them are engaged in agricultural activity. Despite the huge sum of money spent in many agricultural development undertakings such as the Mahaweli Project, the farming community in the state is populating at subsistence degree. Most of the husbandmans are engaged in paddy cultivation. This provides merely intermittent employment chance, numbering 5 to 6 months in a twelvemonth. During the balance 6 to 7 months, these workers look for alternate employment. Many of them are tempted to acquire involved in illegal activities. The proposed method of sporadically reaping mature subdivisions and utilizing the wood as fuel for electricity coevals and the leaf as fresh fish and organic fertiliser would ( a ) provide employment chance during the slack periods and ( B ) increases the one-year income well for the husbandmans in the dry zones. The constitution of plantations and periodical harvest home provides around 30,000 man-days of work yearly for each MW of power works, averaging 76 man-days per hectare. Assuming a household is entrusted with 1 hour angle of plantation and provided with 6 cattles, the one-year income for this household is as follows: Income from wood ( SLR/ha/y ) : SLR 45,000 ( USD 441 ) Income from milk ( SLR/ha/y ) : SLR 168,750 ( USD 1,654 ) Income from droppings ( SLR/ha/y ) : SLR 7350 ( USD 72 ) Entire SLR.221,100 ( USD2,168 ) A household is expected to give merely 76 man-days of work per twelvemonth on these activities. Rest of the clip could be devoted to traditional rice cultivation. ( B ) Nutrition for children- It has been found that most of the rural kids are enduring of malnutrition. The production of milk in each family would ensue in deciding this crisis. The undertaking is expected to better the quality of the rural hapless through increased income, which will further ease the obliteration of child malnutrition. ( degree Celsius ) Electrification of villages- The Government of Sri Lanka has revealed that merely 80 % of the families in the state would be connected to the national electricity grid. The balance 20 % of the population amounting to over 1 million is to be provided with off-grid system. The World Bank funded Renewable Energy for Rural Economic Development ( RERED ) plan is expected to cover approximately 5 % of this 1 million families. The proposal to set up biomass based power coevals undertakings in rural countries would widen the national electricity grid to countries, which would non hold otherwise been reached. Besides the debut of this engineering would excite the constitution of biomass based off-grid systems to supply electricity to rural communities. ( vitamin D ) Cleaner fuel for rural household- The debut of 6 cattles per family would promote the use of biogas systems to these families. Biogas therefore produced could be used for cookery or for electricity coevals in stray single families. The usage of biogas for cooking would ensue in the wellness of the household vastly as it would extinguish fume from traditional wood ranges. 5.2.3 Environmental benefits There are no issues related to pollution as a consequence of this undertaking. Fuelwood plantations will be established in under-utilised lands. This in fact will be a solution for the land debasement job of the state. Fuelwood plantation will back up to keep ecological balance in the part. Most of the debauched lands are in close propinquity to the rice Paddy Fieldss. The paddy Fieldss constitute the low-lying lands the debauched shifting cultivated lands constitute the high-lying lands. Normally, shortly after the harvest home of rice Paddy, the husbandmans cultivate the high-land country by the â€Å" Slash & A ; Burn/ Shifting Cultivation † method. By presenting Gliricidia as an energy plantation harvest, these husbandmans could change over these debauched lands into a sustainable and perennial harvest land. There will be no demand for firing or switching activities. Though non advocated in this undertaking, â€Å" Alley Cropping † system with Giricidia and chash ha rvests like maize has been demonstrated in Sri Lanka. In this system, Gliricidia ( or Leucena ) trees are planted in rows with a spacing of 0.5 metres within the rows and 2 to 3 metres between rows. These lines of trees lie in the East – West way ( along the way of the Sun ) . At the terminal of the monsoon rains in January, the side subdivisions of Gliricidia trees are cut go forthing the chief root integral. In between the lines of Gliricidia trees, short-run hard currency harvest such as maize is planted. In three months the maize would maturate and would be ready for crop. Gliricidia trees are allowed to turn and the subdivisions harvest at the terminal of the following monsoon season in January following twelvemonth. This manner, the husbandmans could acquire a significant income from three beginnings: ( 1 ) Traditional paddy cultivation in the low-lying lands ; ( 2 ) Short-run hard currency harvests: ( 3 ) Perennial Gliricidia brush wood and leaf. Environmental benefits of the undertaking are discussed below: ( a ) Suspension of emanations of GHG and other pollutants – Sri Lanka has ratified the UNFCCC and the Kyoto Protocol. Therefore, we have a moral duty to cut down emanations of GHGs. The ‘Business As Usual ‘ option adopted by contrivers depends to a great extent on coal as the major fuel in run intoing our hereafter electricity demand. Figure 16 illustrates the fuel demands for electricity coevals harmonizing to BAU scenario.CoalOilFigure 16: Fuel demands for electricity coevals: BAU scenario Table 05 gives the CO2 and other pollutant emanations of power coevals under this scenario. This is illustrated in Figure 17. The estimated baseline emanation of particulates, SOX, NOX and CO2 are given in the tabular array 05. This undertaking will displace the tantamount sum of CO2 and SOX about in its entireness and to great extent of NOX and particulates. Figure 17: Tendencies of baseline emanation from electricity coevals As illustrated in Figure17, the emanations of GHG from the power sector will increase bit by bit while the particulate affair emanation will worsen if the baseline scenario continues. Harmonizing to the public-service corporation ( CEB ) , the largest beginning of particulates are IC engines used with furnace oil or residuary oil. With the debut of coal based power workss, the reciprocating workss would be phased out. Coal power workss will be provided with electrostatic precipitators and bag filters etc. to minimise particulate emanation. Hence, CEB expects the particulate emanation degrees to drop over the old ages. The proposed 2MW power works based on sustainable supply of fuelwood from SRC Gliricidia plantations would ensue in zero CO2 emanation, therefore dramatically bettering the emanation degrees. The undertaking besides expects to command other pollutants such as SOX, NOX and particulate affair. The proposed method of electricity coevals is an alternate to the dodo fuel bas ed electricity coevals soon practiced and planned for future enlargement. Fossil fuels such as oil and coal would non merely breathe C dioxide, they besides emit big measures of sulfur dioxide and oxides of N. Sulphur and nitrogen content of woody biomass are undistinguished compared to those present in fossil fuels. All ash produced in the procedure will be returned to the plantation country and will be applied as organic fertiliser. Thus the bottom ash disposal jobs encountered in coal based power coevals would non be encountered in the proposed method. The proposed system eliminates most of the environmental jobs encountered in dodo fuel based power coevals methods. The impact of the proposed 2 MW biomass power works on the national emanation degree would no uncertainty be really undistinguished. But the possible in Sri Lanka for sustainable biomass based electricity coevals is really big. There are over 1.6 million hour angle of debauched land available for sustainable energy plantations. This would be adequate to bring forth 4000 MW of electricity with an one-year end product of 28,000 GWh. Our hydropower potency is around 6000 GWh per twelvemonth. Hence biomass plus hydro we have a potency of 34,000 GWh per twelvemonth. Our present demand for electricity is 8000 GWh/ twelvemonth. Even at 8 % steady growing, we could bring forth all our electricity ( without any fossil fuels ) for many 20 more old ages to come. By that clip there would be many renewable engineerings which are commercially feasible. Furthermore, Gliricidia plantations from the 1.6 million hour angle of debauched land would bring forth 42 million metric tons of leaf. This together with the rice straw soon incinerated in the Paddy Fieldss could be used to bring forth biogas. This could be used as conveyance fuel ( like in Sweden in Switzerland ) . This would extinguish the emanations from the conveyance sector. ( B ) Change by reversaling land degradation- About a 3rd of the land countries of the state amounting to approximately 1.6 to 2.0 million hectares are in a debauched province. These extents of land were productive dry zone forests a few hundred old ages ago. The primary ground for debasement had been unsustainable pattern of cut and burn signifier of switching cultivation adopted by coevalss of subsistence agriculture in these countries. Most of these countries receive an one-year rainfall of about 1250 millimeter. Most of this rainfall is received during the monsoon months of October to December. Agricultural activity could be practiced merely during this monsoon period. Consecutive cut and burn system of agribusiness with unequal fallow period to recover birthrate has resulted in debasement of these lands. Locations of these lands are given in Figure 18 below. Figure 18: Locations of debauched fringy land As the pattern of cut and burn signifier of agribusiness is still go oning in these countries, the extent of these lands is bit by bit increasing. Furthermore, the grade of debasement is besides on the addition due to firing followed by dirt eroding. The procedure of desertification has already started in some of these countries. Unless remedial methods are taken, these lands will stop up as comeuppances. One possible manner of reconstructing the initial position of these lands is to present some tree screen with lasting closed canopy. The proposed method of seting N repairing Gliricidia trees at a spacing of 1 metre by 1 metre and periodical harvest home of selected mature subdivisions go forthing the chief root and the stamp subdivisions integral would be a satisfactory method of up-grading this land. As ash from the burning of wood would be returned to the dirt, dirt foods will be sustained. ( degree Celsius ) Renewable energy beginning and C sink – The proposed method of seting N repairing Gliricidia trees at a spacing of 1 metre by 1 metre and periodical harvest home of selected mature subdivisions go forthing the chief root and the stamp subdivisions in tact would ensue in prolonging the C balance in the system. In the land readying stage, merely the weedy biomass would be removed. All productive bing tree harvests would be retained till they reach their economic life. ( vitamin D ) Organic nitrogen-bearing fertiliser to replace chemical urea fertilizer- As mentioned in subdivision ( B ) , the proposed method besides produces big measures of organic nitrogen-bearing fertilisers, replacing chemical urea fertiliser manufactured from fossil fuels. Apart from extinguishing the tantamount sum of C dioxide emanation, the usage of organic nitrogen-bearing fertiliser increases the organic content of the dirt therefore heightening the environmental impact. 5.2.4 Technological benefits The new engineerings expected to be introduced by the undertaking include the followers: ( a ) Biomass production engineering – As mentioned earlier in Chapter 3 â€Å" Modern method of fuelwood production † , bio fuel for the proposed power works will be produced in Short Rotation Coppice plantation utilizing modern methods. This engineering, though introduced to the state late, it has non yet been practised in commercial graduated table operation. The debut of 2000 hectares of SRC plantations utilizing this modern method would transform the full dry zone country into a healthy, sustainable and profitable zone. The undermentioned characteristics of biomass fuel production are described in Annex A Land Preparation Planting Materials Constitution of Plantations Care of Plantations Harvesting, roll uping and transporting of wood ( B ) Biomass energy transition technology- Apart from a few sugar Millss, a freshly introduced presentation unit and a power undertaking under building, there are no commercial graduated table bio fuel based electricity bring forthing installations in Sri Lanka. Furthermore, the Sugar industries use merely the waste baggase as fuel utilizing crude inactive grating burning systems. The freshly introduced presentation unit consist of a biomass down bill of exchange gasifier with H2O scrubber/ gas ice chest and a spark-ignition based IC engine-generator with an end product of 35 kilowatt. This is installed in a distant rural are to supply electricity to 100 families. The other works is a 1 MW power works with boiler-steam turbine system. The proposed power works will utilize Circulating Fluidised Bed burning system with high force per unit area and high temperature steam coevals. These factors will well better the steam use efficiency, therefore cut downing the operational cost, peculiarly, if the cost of fuel constitutes a important portion in the concluding cost of electricity. Furthermore, the improved burning system would cut down the emanation degree. Features of electricity coevals are discussed below. The alternator of the system is designed for 3200 kVA with a power factor of 0.8. This power end product would be 2.56 MW. But with parasitic burden, the expected net end product is 2 MW. Fuel treatment- Fuel wood from the plantations would get in dawdlers. These would be weighed and moisture degree determined by portable wet metres. These will be stacked in the storage country in the power station. Fuel wood from the storage pace would be removed on a ‘first-in-first-out ‘ footing. These would be chipped to allow size ( for fluidised burning ) and stored in a hopper. Flue gas from the boiler would be assorted with ambient air and would be used to dry the wood french friess to the coveted wet degree for burning. Combustion system and boiler- The steam generator shall be of natural circulation, balanced draft, and fluidised bed burning ( FBC ) type, designed for firing wood french friess. The capacity of boiler is about 35 TPH on maximal uninterrupted footing at approximately 60kg/cm2 ( g. ) operating force per unit area and about 490oC temperature. The economizer subdivision of the boiler shall be of nonaˆ‘steaming type. Super warmer subdivision shall be designed so as to keep rated steam temperature of about 490oC at mercantile establishment over the control scope of 60 % to 100 % MCR burden. A steam de-superheating station with proviso for spray H2O tapped off from feed H2O discharge shrieking shall be provided. Air pre-heaters of cannular type shall be provided for steam temperature control. The AFBC shall dwell of in-bed / above-bed ace warmer subdivisions, bed evaporator, H2O walls/refractory walls, economiser and air preaˆ‘heater. The boiler shall be equipped with a suited fuel fire system. The complete boiler shall be bottom-supported type and be provided with all back uping steel platform, galleries, staircases for easy attack and care of the units. Adequate conditions protection shall be provided for instruments and runing forces. Necessary liner and insularity along with repairing stuffs to restrict outside surface temperature to a safe degree shall be provided. Monorails and hoists required for managing motors, fans shall be provided. A trim boiler provender pump shall be provided. Turbine- The turbine shall be of Multistage, Nozzle governed, Horizontal spindle, two bearings, Impulse type with hydraulicly operated halt and exigency valve and built-in steam strainer, hydraulicly operated Throttle/ Regulating valves shall be used as the chief power coevals equipment. Turbine steam recess conditions will be maximal uninterrupted footing at approximately 60kg/cm2 ( g. ) operating force per unit area and about 490oC temperature. The exhaust force per unit area shall be about 0.1 saloon ( a ) . Condenser- The capacitor shall be of shell and tubing building, horizontal, divided H2O box with built-in hot good. Cooling tower- The chilling tower shall be of forced-draft type with concrete building and aggregation pool. Alternator- The alternator shall be an AC synchronal generator with 3200kVA, 3.3kV, 50Hz, 3-phase, 4-wire system coupled to the steam turbine through a velocity decrease gearbox complete with following ( a ) Brush less exciter ( B ) Twin bearings ( degree Celsius ) AVR and excitement panel ( vitamin D ) Antiaˆ‘condensation warmers ( vitamin E ) VARs control Auxiliaries- The undermentioned aides shall be provided: ( a ) Auxiliaries for generator protection and control panel ( B ) Generator ledgeman ( degree Celsius ) Battery with care tools ( vitamin D ) Battery courser and DC distribution panel. ( vitamin E ) Standby Generator for ‘Black Start ‘ . Fuel feed system- The fuel provender system shall dwell of a chipper, a drier using energy in boiler fluke gas, a mechanical/ pneumatic conveyance system directed into the burning chamber of the boiler. The fuel shall be stored in the storage country and fed manually in to the splintering machine. Ash remotion disposal- Ash shall be collected at the underside of the ash aggregation system. The disposal shall be done manually by opening the ash disposal door and collected in an ash cavity. Manual disposal is required thenceforth. The ash can be used as a fertiliser for the plantations. Features of fuelwood samples collected in the undertaking country have been analysed. Consequences obtained are as follows: Other impacts of the undertaking Positive impacts This undertaking will be an illustration for an attempt to advance sustainable biomass energy based electricity coevals with community engagement. Experience of this undertaking could be shared at national, regional and planetary degrees. Negative impacts One of the negative impacts of the undertaking would be the force per unit area on demand for land in the hereafter. If this undertaking is successful, many similar undertakings will be established throughout the state. This will negatively act upon other land usage options, such as agribusiness and small town enlargement etc.

Personal Goals Essay

My professional and personal goals are to expand my nursing career and obtain a position in the healthcare field where I will own and operate a long term care facility or adult daycare facility that specializes in the care of patients with behavioral issues or Alzheimer’s disease so I can give back to my community and help those in need. I started my career in the healthcare field as a unit clerk. My primary duties were answering the telephone and call light system. After about a year, I wanted to do more so I decided to become a certified nursing assistant (CNA). My duties as a CNA entailed helping patients/residents with their activities of daily living. I quickly realized that I did not want to play that particular role in the healthcare field and that I needed to do more. I applied for the licensed practical nurse program and was accepted. After graduating and passing my state board exam, I worked as a licensed practical nurse for six and a half years before applying for t he associate degree nursing program for registered nurses. I was accepted and after completion my career as a registered nurse began. As a registered nurse my career has lead me to serve in several different positions such as: Floor nurse, Home Health nurse, Public Health nurse, Charge nurse, Assistant Director of Nursing and currently Preventive nurse. In my current role as a Preventive nurse, I am responsible for assessing patient’s health screenings. In evaluating patient’s screenings, I provide and explain information about these health screenings as well as relay my findings to the Physicians and Nurse Practitioners to help schedule these patients with necessary referrals to have the screenings. My short term professional goal is to obtain a Bachelor of Science degree in nursing. I chose the University of Phoenix to achieve this goal because of the online courses and positive feedback about their programs. I currently need 47 credit hours to achieve this goal. This Bachelor’s degree will afford me  advanced opportunities in the nursing field. I will use this degree as a stepping stone to fulfilling my goals. After receiving my Bachelor’s degree, I plan to further my career in the healthcare field by obtaining a nursing home administrator’s license. With this license, I will begin my quest in owning and operating a long term care facility. This license will allow me to engage in a higher level of learning about long term care rules and regulations. By obtaining licensure as a nursing home administrator, I will display and build skills in the area of working with others as a team. I have intentions on relocating in the next four years to a bigger city to gain experience in a variety of areas in the healthcare field. I feel larger areas have more opportunities for a nurse to grow. For example, large cities have more hospitals, behavioral centers and nursing homes. I will use all the available resources to build my skills and create a plan for success. After gaining more knowledge and experience, I plan to return home and open a long term care facility specializing in patients with behavioral problems or Alzheimer disease. I feel my community will greatly benefit from a facility dedicated to these healthcare needs. I see patients that are mentally challenged and some who have Alzheimer’s that need help with their activities of daily living or just with care in general. Helping others that cannot help themselves is what I en joy doing. I understand opening a long term care facility will take a great deal of planning from obtaining licensure, to locating perfect area, and securing contractors to build. The most important healthcare resource ever to be hidden in plain view would be the caring intentions of nurses. Employing good study habits, participating in class discussions and time management such as incorporating leisure time for myself to avoid burn-out are my criteria for academic success. â€Å"Using time more effectively should enable nursing students to achieve a better balance between work and personal life† (Mirzaei, Oskouie, & Rafli, 2012). Strong study habits are a foundation to having success in school. At the moment, my online classes only require reading. I consider that to be my study time. I realize that my classes will become more advanced and they will require a lot more of detailed reading and research. In preparation for the advancement, I plan to more carefully utilize my study time to complete my reading assignments first to focus more on the research and writing areas of my course. Class attendance is an important requirement to be exposed to  vital discussions. I plan to participate in the daily discussions and incorporate questions to the instructor and fel low students to help understand topics at hand that I need further comprehension. To stay on track with time management, I have prepared a plan to follow. This ensures that I perform all my tasks in a timely manner. It also allows me to compile short term goals each day to complete and a realistic time frame to complete and perform these tasks. To avoid burn-out, I plan to engage in time for myself by practicing relaxation techniques, exercising and walking. Also, I plan to attend various activities that my daughters participate in to integrate valuable family time into my demanding schedule. To track and monitor my progress during my course of study, I will observe my grades, monitor instructor’s feedback, and observe the completion of assignments and goals. The University of Phoenix allows a student to keep up with their grades by accessing their schedule and grades on their home page. I will use this and the Phoenix mobile application to keep updated on how well I am performing in my classes. Also, the University of Phoenix’s instructors provide f eedback after each assignment, I use this as positive feedback to correct and eliminate any future problems. According to (Carter, Bishop, & Kravits, 2011)suggested recording your progress in a weekly journal as a means of measuring your progress toward your goals. As for myself, I have a planner that I usually write in to keep track of my assignment due dates, completion and submittal of assignment, as well as my accomplishments. Caring and compassion for others comes second nature to me. I enjoy helping and taking care of others. Accomplishing my goals will help me align myself in a better position to facilitate the necessary provision in the health management of those in need. Nursing has been a rewarding career for me and a wonderful career choice. References Carter, C., Bishop, J., & Kravits, S. (2011). Keys to Effective Learning: Study Skills an Habits for Success (6th ed.). Retrieved from The Univrsity of Phoenix eBook Mirzaei, T., Oskouie, F., & Rafli, F. (2011, March). Nursig students’ time management, reducing stress and gaining satisfaction: a grounded theory study. Nursing & Health Science, 14(1), 46-51. doi:http//dx.doi.org.ezproxy.apollolibrary.com/10.1111/j.1442-2018.2011.00661.x Purnell, M. (2002, July). Foreword: Why Nurses Nurse!. Holistic Nursing Practice, 16(4), vi-ix